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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 *  * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
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 */
package java.time;

import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRules;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException;
import java.time.zone.ZoneRulesProvider;
import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * A geographical region where the same time-zone rules apply.
 * <p>
 * Time-zone information is categorized as a set of rules defining when and
 * how the offset from UTC/Greenwich changes. These rules are accessed using
 * identifiers based on geographical regions, such as countries or states.
 * The most common region classification is the Time Zone Database (TZDB),
 * which defines regions such as 'Europe/Paris' and 'Asia/Tokyo'.
 * <p>
 * The region identifier, modeled by this class, is distinct from the
 * underlying rules, modeled by {@link ZoneRules}.
 * The rules are defined by governments and change frequently.
 * By contrast, the region identifier is well-defined and long-lived.
 * This separation also allows rules to be shared between regions if appropriate.
 *
 * @implSpec
 * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 *
 * @since 1.8
 */
final class ZoneRegion extends ZoneId implements Serializable {

    /**
     * Serialization version.
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8386373296231747096L;
    /**
     * The time-zone ID, not null.
     */
    private final String id;
    /**
     * The time-zone rules, null if zone ID was loaded leniently.
     */
    private final transient ZoneRules rules;

    /**
     * Obtains an instance of {@code ZoneId} from an identifier.
     *
     * @param zoneId  the time-zone ID, not null
     * @param checkAvailable  whether to check if the zone ID is available
     * @return the zone ID, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the ID format is invalid
     * @throws ZoneRulesException if checking availability and the ID cannot be found
     */
    static ZoneRegion ofId(String zoneId, boolean checkAvailable) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(zoneId, "zoneId");
        checkName(zoneId);
        ZoneRules rules = null;
        try {
            // always attempt load for better behavior after deserialization
            rules = ZoneRulesProvider.getRules(zoneId, true);
        } catch (ZoneRulesException ex) {
            if (checkAvailable) {
                throw ex;
            }
        }
        return new ZoneRegion(zoneId, rules);
    }

    /**
     * Checks that the given string is a legal ZondId name.
     *
     * @param zoneId  the time-zone ID, not null
     * @throws DateTimeException if the ID format is invalid
     */
    private static void checkName(String zoneId) {
        int n = zoneId.length();
        if (n < 2) {
           throw new DateTimeException("Invalid ID for region-based ZoneId, invalid format: " + zoneId);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            char c = zoneId.charAt(i);
            if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') continue;
            if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') continue;
            if (c == '/' && i != 0) continue;
            if (c >= '0' && c <= '9' && i != 0) continue;
            if (c == '~' && i != 0) continue;
            if (c == '.' && i != 0) continue;
            if (c == '_' && i != 0) continue;
            if (c == '+' && i != 0) continue;
            if (c == '-' && i != 0) continue;
            throw new DateTimeException("Invalid ID for region-based ZoneId, invalid format: " + zoneId);
        }
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Constructor.
     *
     * @param id  the time-zone ID, not null
     * @param rules  the rules, null for lazy lookup
     */
    ZoneRegion(String id, ZoneRules rules) {
        this.id = id;
        this.rules = rules;
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    @Override
    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    @Override
    public ZoneRules getRules() {
        // additional query for group provider when null allows for possibility
        // that the provider was updated after the ZoneId was created
        return (rules != null ? rules : ZoneRulesProvider.getRules(id, false));
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Writes the object using a
     * <a href="../../serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
     * @serialData
     * <pre>
     *  out.writeByte(7);  // identifies a ZoneId (not ZoneOffset)
     *  out.writeUTF(zoneId);
     * </pre>
     *

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