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/**
*
* Provides the API for accessing and processing data stored in a
* data source (usually a relational database) using the
* Java™ programming language.
* This API includes a framework whereby different
* drivers can be installed dynamically to access different data sources.
* Although the JDBC™ API is mainly geared
* to passing SQL statements to a database, it provides for reading and
* writing data from any data source with a tabular format.
* The reader/writer facility, available through the
* {@code javax.sql.RowSet} group of interfaces, can be customized to
* use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other tabular
* data source.
*
* <h2>What the JDBC™ 4.3 API Includes</h2>
* The JDBC™ 4.3 API includes both
* the {@code java.sql} package, referred to as the JDBC core API,
* and the {@code javax.sql} package, referred to as the JDBC Optional
* Package API. This complete JDBC API
* is included in the Java™ Standard Edition (Java SE™), version 7.
* The {@code javax.sql} package extends the functionality of the JDBC API
* from a client-side API to a server-side API, and it is an essential part
* of the Java™ Enterprise Edition
* (Java EE™) technology.
*
* <h2>Versions</h2>
* The JDBC 4.3 API incorporates all of the previous JDBC API versions:
* <UL>
* <LI> The JDBC 4.2 API</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 4.1 API</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 4.0 API</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 3.0 API</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 2.1 core API</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API<br>
* (Note that the JDBC 2.1 core API and the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package
* API together are referred to as the JDBC 2.0 API.)</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 1.2 API</li>
* <LI> The JDBC 1.0 API</li>
* </UL>
* <P>
* Classes, interfaces, methods, fields, constructors, and exceptions
* have the following "since" tags that indicate when they were introduced
* into the Java platform. When these "since" tags are used in
* Javadoc™ comments for the JDBC API,
* they indicate the following:
* <UL>
* <LI>Since 9 -- new in the JDBC 4.3 API and part of the Java SE platform,
* version 9</li>
* <LI>Since 1.8 -- new in the JDBC 4.2 API and part of the Java SE platform,
* version 8</li>
* <LI>Since 1.7 -- new in the JDBC 4.1 API and part of the Java SE platform,
* version 7</li>
* <LI>Since 1.6 -- new in the JDBC 4.0 API and part of the Java SE platform,
* version 6</li>
* <LI>Since 1.4 -- new in the JDBC 3.0 API and part of the J2SE platform,
* version 1.4</li>
* <LI>Since 1.2 -- new in the JDBC 2.0 API and part of the J2SE platform,
* version 1.2</li>
* <LI>Since 1.1 or no "since" tag -- in the original JDBC 1.0 API and part of
* the JDK™, version 1.1</li>
* </UL>
* <P>
* <b>NOTE:</b> Many of the new features are optional; consequently, there is
* some variation in drivers and the features they support. Always
* check your driver's documentation to see whether it supports a feature before
* you try to use it.
* <P>
* <b>NOTE:</b> The class {@code SQLPermission} was added in the
* Java™ 2 SDK, Standard Edition,
* version 1.3 release. This class is used to prevent unauthorized
* access to the logging stream associated with the {@code DriverManager},
* which may contain information such as table names, column data, and so on.
*
* <h2>What the {@code java.sql} Package Contains</h2>
* The {@code java.sql} package contains API for the following:
* <UL>
* <LI>Making a connection with a database via the {@code DriverManager} facility
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code DriverManager} class -- makes a connection with a driver
* <LI>{@code SQLPermission} class -- provides permission when code
* running within a Security Manager, such as an applet,
* attempts to set up a logging stream through the
* {@code DriverManager}
* <LI>{@code Driver} interface -- provides the API for registering
* and connecting drivers based on JDBC technology ("JDBC drivers");
* generally used only by the {@code DriverManager} class
* <LI>{@code DriverPropertyInfo} class -- provides properties for a
* JDBC driver; not used by the general user
* </UL>
* <LI>Sending SQL statements to a database
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code Statement} -- used to send basic SQL statements
* <LI>{@code PreparedStatement} -- used to send prepared statements or
* basic SQL statements (derived from {@code Statement})
* <LI>{@code CallableStatement} -- used to call database stored
* procedures (derived from {@code PreparedStatement})
* <LI>{@code Connection} interface -- provides methods for creating
* statements and managing connections and their properties
* <LI>{@code Savepoint} -- provides savepoints in a transaction
*
* </UL>
* <LI>Retrieving and updating the results of a query
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code ResultSet} interface
* </UL>
* <LI>Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in the
* Java programming language
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code Array} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code ARRAY}
* <LI>{@code Blob} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code BLOB}
* <LI>{@code Clob} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code CLOB}
* <LI>{@code Date} class -- mapping for SQL {@code DATE}
* <LI>{@code NClob} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code NCLOB}
* <LI>{@code Ref} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code REF}
* <LI>{@code RowId} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code ROWID}
* <LI>{@code Struct} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code STRUCT}
* <LI>{@code SQLXML} interface -- mapping for SQL {@code XML}
* <LI>{@code Time} class -- mapping for SQL {@code TIME}
* <LI>{@code Timestamp} class -- mapping for SQL {@code TIMESTAMP}
* <LI>{@code Types} class -- provides constants for SQL types
* </UL>
* <LI>Custom mapping an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the
* Java programming language
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code SQLData} interface -- specifies the mapping of
* a UDT to an instance of this class
* <LI>{@code SQLInput} interface -- provides methods for reading
* UDT attributes from a stream
* <LI>{@code SQLOutput} interface -- provides methods for writing
* UDT attributes back to a stream
* </UL>
* <LI>Metadata
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code DatabaseMetaData} interface -- provides information
* about the database
* <LI>{@code ResultSetMetaData} interface -- provides information
* about the columns of a {@code ResultSet} object
* <LI>{@code ParameterMetaData} interface -- provides information
* about the parameters to {@code PreparedStatement} commands
* </UL>
* <LI>Exceptions
* <UL>
* <LI>{@code SQLException} -- thrown by most methods when there
* is a problem accessing data and by some methods for other reasons
* <LI>{@code SQLWarning} -- thrown to indicate a warning
* <LI>{@code DataTruncation} -- thrown to indicate that data may have
* been truncated
* <LI>{@code BatchUpdateException} -- thrown to indicate that not all
* commands in a batch update executed successfully
* </UL>
* </UL>
*
* <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.3 API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>Added {@code Sharding} support</LI>
* <LI>Enhanced {@code Connection} to be able to provide hints
* to the driver that a request, an independent unit of work,
* is beginning or ending</LI>
* <LI>Enhanced {@code DatabaseMetaData} to determine if Sharding is
* supported</LI>
* <LI>Added the method {@code drivers} to {@code DriverManager}
* to return a Stream of the currently loaded and
* available JDBC drivers</LI>
* <LI>Added support to {@code Statement} for enquoting literals
* and simple identifiers</LI>
* <LI>Clarified the Java SE version that methods were deprecated</LI>
* </UL>
*
* <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.2 API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>Added {@code JDBCType} enum and {@code SQLType} interface</li>
* <LI>Support for {@code REF CURSORS} in {@code CallableStatement}
* </LI>
* <LI>{@code DatabaseMetaData} methods to return maximum Logical LOB size
* and if Ref Cursors are supported</LI>
* <LI>Added support for large update counts</LI>
*
* </UL>
*
* <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.1 API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>Allow {@code Connection},
* {@code ResultSet} and {@code Statement} objects to be
* used with the try-with-resources statement</LI>
* <LI>Support added to {@code CallableStatement} and
* {@code ResultSet} to specify the Java type to convert to via the
* {@code getObject} method</LI>
* <LI>{@code DatabaseMetaData} methods to return PseudoColumns and if a
* generated key is always returned</LI>
* <LI>Added support to {@code Connection} to specify a database schema,
* abort and timeout a physical connection.</LI>
* <LI>Added support to close a {@code Statement} object when its dependent
* objects have been closed</LI>
* <LI>Support for obtaining the parent logger for a {@code Driver},
* {@code DataSource}, {@code ConnectionPoolDataSource} and
* {@code XADataSource}</LI>
*
* </UL>
* <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.0 API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>auto java.sql.Driver discovery -- no longer need to load a
* {@code java.sql.Driver} class via {@code Class.forName}
* <LI>National Character Set support added
* <li>Support added for the SQL:2003 XML data type
* <lI>SQLException enhancements -- Added support for cause chaining; New SQLExceptions
* added for common SQLState class value codes
* <li>Enhanced Blob/Clob functionality -- Support provided to create and free a Blob/Clob instance
* as well as additional methods added to improve accessibility
* <li>Support added for accessing a SQL ROWID
* <li>Support added to allow a JDBC application to access an instance of a JDBC resource
* that has been wrapped by a vendor, usually in an application server or connection
* pooling environment.
* <li>Availability to be notified when a {@code PreparedStatement} that is associated
* with a {@code PooledConnection} has been closed or the driver determines is invalid
*
*
* </UL>
*
*
* <h3>{@code java.sql} and {@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 3.0 API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>Pooled statements -- reuse of statements associated with a pooled
* connection
* <LI>Savepoints -- allow a transaction to be rolled back to a designated
* savepoint
* <LI>Properties defined for {@code ConnectionPoolDataSource} -- specify
* how connections are to be pooled
* <LI>Metadata for parameters of a {@code PreparedStatement} object
* <LI>Ability to retrieve values from automatically generated columns
* <LI>Ability to have multiple {@code ResultSet} objects
* returned from {@code CallableStatement} objects open at the
* same time
* <LI>Ability to identify parameters to {@code CallableStatement}
* objects by name as well as by index
* <LI>{@code ResultSet} holdability -- ability to specify whether cursors
* should be held open or closed at the end of a transaction
* <LI>Ability to retrieve and update the SQL structured type instance that a
* {@code Ref} object references
* <LI>Ability to programmatically update {@code BLOB},
* {@code CLOB}, {@code ARRAY}, and {@code REF} values.
* <LI>Addition of the {@code java.sql.Types.DATALINK} data type --
* allows JDBC drivers access to objects stored outside a data source
* <LI>Addition of metadata for retrieving SQL type hierarchies
* </UL>
*
* <h3>{@code java.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.1 Core API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>Scrollable result sets--using new methods in the {@code ResultSet}
* interface that allow the cursor to be moved to a particular row or to a
* position relative to its current position
* <LI>Batch updates
* <LI>Programmatic updates--using {@code ResultSet} updater methods
* <LI>New data types--interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
* <LI>Custom mapping of user-defined types (UDTs)
* <LI>Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character
* streams, full precision for {@code java.math.BigDecimal} values,
* additional security, and
* support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.
* </UL>
*
* <h3>{@code javax.sql} Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.0 Optional
* Package API</h3>
* <UL>
* <LI>The {@code DataSource} interface as a means of making a connection. The
* Java Naming and Directory Interface™
* (JNDI) is used for registering a {@code DataSource} object with a
* naming service and also for retrieving it.
* <LI>Pooled connections -- allowing connections to be used and reused
* <LI>Distributed transactions -- allowing a transaction to span diverse
* DBMS servers
* <LI>{@code RowSet} technology -- providing a convenient means of
* handling and passing data
* </UL>
*
*
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